Comparison on Winning and Losing of Silat Olahraga/Pencak Silat of Men Class A, E and H during 28th SEA Games 2015 in Singapore
Shapie, M. N. M (1,2) & Zainuddin, N. A. (1)
1.Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Rekreasi, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor.
keyword : kicking, martial arts, coaching, performance analysis
Abstract
The purpose of the current case study was
to describe the detailed activity that occurs during the fight time and
comparison of each exponent of a silat olahraga about. Video recording of 4 matches’
international silat olahraga bout was and notated for used to identify 14
different types of event performed by the 6 contestants as well as the start
and end of action periods. Variables are exponent
including blue or red and score. Comparison of each exponent for each match
can be seen in the table provided. It revealed that each silat olahraga exponent
performed differ profile of actions indicator. Blue exponent more conquered the
matches. Actions used for both exponent (blue and
red) are described and explained briefly. The data showed that blue exponent
more conquer overall 4 matches as blue opponent have higher tactical skills
during matches.The data about the nature of the activity
performed within fight periods can be combined with the analysis done by
previous study to provide a detailed description of the demands of the sport
and assist in the development of specific training programmed. The approach
used here would be useful to apply to other sports whose work and rest periods
have been investigated to give a greater understanding of the type and
frequency of action within the work periods. The comparison of each exponent
can be seen in the result.
Introduction
According to Kartomi M.(2011), Pencak silat (‘the art of self
defence’) is a contemporary umbrella term used in Indonesia and Malaysia and
other parts of Southeast Asia to designate the hundreds of traditional and
modern martial art genres that are performed either solo or as a duel, and with
or without musical accompaniment.
The
requirement and prescription of training programmes for sport requires an
understanding of the physiological requirements of the match. Various forms of
time motion analyses have been used widely to estimate the nature of specific
intermittent high intensity and low intensity activities as they relate to the
energy requirements of team sports.
Previous
research notated the technique used in defensive and offensive movements such
as in mixed-martial arts, boxing and Muay Thai. However, there is no research
that specifically describes the activity involved in silat olahraga that
specifically describes the activity that contributes to the physiological
demands of this combat sport.
The nature
of work periods within any combat sports depends on the frequency, volume and
type of the activity being performed. The distribution of fight time and break
time has been determined in international silat olahraga competition in the
previous research, which indicated that 62.6% of the match is spent in fight
time (Shapie et al, 2013). The work to rest ratio of 2:1 in silat olahraga
might be misinterpreted if people count the action periods performed in silat
olahraga in the same way as work periods in field games and racket sports are
interpreted.
The
nature of “purposeful movement” in team games, rallies in racket sports and
action periods in martial arts are very different. Therefore, the objectives of
this study are to describe the detail activity that occurs during the fight
time of a silat olahraga match, especially the profile of technical event.
Material
and Methods
Match analysis
A
publicly available video recording of male silat olahraga match from the
national silat olahraga competition in 28th SEA Games 2015 held at
Singapore was used for the analysis. There are 4 matches used for the analysis;
a male quarterfinal match of class A of the 45-50kg, a male semi-final match of
class H of the 80-85kg, a male semi-final match of class E of the 65-70kg
weight category, and a male final match of class E of the 65-70kg weight
category. 14 different types of event performed by the four male contestants as
well as the start and end action of periods are identify.
Video
sequences were repeated where necessary and the playback rate was reduced to
allow accurate measurement of each offensive and defensive movement category.
The video could be paused and played back frame-by frame for ease of use. Silat
olahraga exponent motion was subjectively categorized by an experienced
observational analyst for silat olahraga competition. Information could be
entered into the computer system, via representation on the screen of the silat
olahraga match, and specially designed screen functions for each exponent (red
or blue), action and outcome for each activity. The frequency, mean duration
and percentage of total time were subsequently calculated.
Rules
Only Tanding (match) categories require weight classifications. Tunggal (single), Ganda (double)
and Regu (team) are
open weight events, requiring only age and gender distinctions. Before competing, each contestant must be subjected
to two weigh-ins. During each weigh-in, the participants must wear a dry silat
costume, without the inclusion of any guards (groin, joint) and sabuk/bengkung (belt/sash).
Each weigh-in has
to be done in the presence of a Referee-Jury member or official representatives
from both teams. If a contestant is unable to join the
first weigh-in and has provided an acceptable reason, his or her name will
still be included in the drawing of lots.
He or she will
still be permitted to compete, as long as they pass the second weigh-in. The
second weigh-in will take place 15 minutes before the start of a match. The
procedure and rules for the second weigh-in is identical to that of the first
weigh-in; the only difference is that any contestant found to have exceeded his
or her category will face disqualification.
Motion categories
Silat
olahraga exponent’s motions were coded into 14 different types of categories
and were defined as follows:
Punch:
The
punch ‘tumbuk’ attack is done by a hand with a closed fist hitting the target.
In silat punching is often used to fight the opponent. It can be a straight
punch ‘tumbuk lurus’ or uppercut ‘sauk’ to the exponent body’s.
Kick:
The
kick ‘tendang / terajang’ is an attacking movement which is performed with one
leg or two legs simultaneously. A kick can be aimed at any target. It can be
front kick ‘tendang depan’, side-kick ‘depak’ or semi-circular side kick
‘tendang lengkar’.
Block:
The
blocking movements begin with the posture position ‘sikap pasang’: the exponent
stands straight with his hands around his body or close to his chest. Blocking
or parrying ‘tangkisan’ can be done using arms, elbows and legs with the
purpose to block off or striking back at any attack.
Catch:
The
catch ‘tangkapan’ is done by using the hand to obstruct the opponent from
carrying out an attack. The silat olahraga exponent is able to prevent himself
from being attacked by pointing the attack which he has caught to another
direction. A catch which twists or drags the opponent is forbidden. Also, a
catch which could break the part which is being held such as the leg and waist
is also forbidden. These regulations exist to protect the silat olahraga exponent’s.
Topple:
There
are various ways of toppling down one’s opponent. For example, a silat olahraga
exponent ‘pesilat’ can either push, shove the opponent’s back leg from the bag or
from the side, shove, hit, kick, strike or punch to make the opponent lose his
balance. Every fall is considered valid as long as the silat olahraga exponent
topples his opponent down without wrestling or he is able to overpower the
opponent whom he has brought down.
Sweep:
Swiping
‘sapuan’ involves attacking an opponent’s leg which are on the ground to
unstabilise him and bring down to the ground. A silat exponent can perform this
attacking movement either with his right or left leg, Hence, front sweep ‘sapuan
depan’ is done by swinging the leg to the front to push an opponent’s front
leg, while back sweep ‘sapuan belakang’ is carried out by swinging the leg backward
to hit the back leg.
Evade/Dodge:
The
evade ‘elakan’ technique is carried out by silat olahraga exponent when he
tries to evade an attack. This technique does not require the silat exponent to
touch the opponent in fending off the attack. They are many ways of carrying
out his defensive movement such as dodging ‘gelek’, retreat ‘mundur’, evasion
to the side ‘elak sisi’, bending ‘elak serung’, jumping ‘lonjak’, ducking
‘susup’ and etc.
Self-Release:
Self-release
‘lepas tangkapan’ technique is a technique to unlock any clinch or catch from
an opponent.
Block
and Punch:
The
blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent
and followed by counter attack using the hand to punch the opponent.
Block
and Kick:
The
blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent
and followed by counter attack using the leg to kick the opponent.
Block
and Sweep:
The
blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent
and followed by counter attack using sweeping technique to the opponent.
Fake
Punch:
An
action which a silat olahraga exponent intends to confuse the opponent using a fake
punch to break his opponent’s defensive posture.
Fake
Kick:
An
action which a silat olahraga exponent intends to confuse the opponent using a
fake kick to break his opponent’s defensive posture.
Others:
Both
silat olahraga exponents are either in posture position ‘sikap pasang’ or
coming close to each other using silat step pattern ‘pola langkah’.
All
the activities are considered high intensity except for others which at that
time both silat olahraga exponents are in low intensity periods.
Reliability of Observation
The
author analyzed all the activities and simultaneously classified each change of
motion in a 4 separated match. Observations were done separated by 24 hours. It
requires experienced silat olahraga practitioners to analyses the data as the
movement of both exponents is fast, needing close inspection. The
classification of movement was subjective with work being classified according
to the instruction given by the referee.
Statistical analysis
The
observation generated data will be frequency counted, a method of recording in
observational research in which the researcher records each occurrence clearly
defined behavior within a certain time frame. All the raw data was inserted
into SPSS for more detailed analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted using
Statistical Package for Social Scientists, version 21.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL). A
chi square test of independence was used to determine if there was a similar
profile of actions performed by the red and blue contestant in the match.
Results
The outcomes are shows in the table below.
The action factors used were description of the action, the exponent performing
the action and outcome of actions. Each of these reliability results was
recorded in Table 1. Table 2 shows the actions performed during the contest and
their outcomes in each of the match.
Table
1 Frequency of actions and outcomes recorded during a silat olahraga match
Match 1 : Final
Match MAS vs VIE Male Class E
Action
|
Outcome
|
|||
Hit
Target
|
Hit
Elsewhere
|
Miss
Target
|
Total
|
|
Block
|
7
|
7
|
||
Block and Kick
|
2
|
2
|
||
Block and Punch
|
4
|
4
|
||
Block and Sweep
|
1
|
1
|
||
Kick
|
34
|
5
|
8
|
47
|
Fake Kick
|
13
|
4
|
7
|
24
|
Punch
|
11
|
5
|
3
|
19
|
Fake Punch
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
|
Self-Release
|
||||
Topple
|
6
|
1
|
7
|
|
Sweep
|
5
|
1
|
3
|
9
|
Catch
|
20
|
20
|
||
Evade/Dodge
|
5
|
5
|
||
Others
|
5
|
1
|
6
|
|
Total
|
114
|
17
|
22
|
153
|
Match 2 : Semi Final Match MAS vs SIN Male Class E
Action
|
Outcome
|
|||
Hit
Target
|
Hit
Elsewhere
|
Miss
Target
|
Total
|
|
Block
|
||||
Block and Kick
|
2
|
2
|
||
Block and Punch
|
2
|
2
|
||
Block and Sweep
|
1
|
1
|
||
Kick
|
45
|
8
|
18
|
71
|
Fake Kick
|
9
|
4
|
1
|
14
|
Punch
|
11
|
1
|
1
|
13
|
Fake Punch
|
15
|
3
|
18
|
|
Self-Release
|
1
|
1
|
||
Topple
|
7
|
1
|
8
|
|
Sweep
|
3
|
4
|
7
|
|
Catch
|
10
|
10
|
||
Evade/Dodge
|
1
|
1
|
||
Others
|
6
|
2
|
1
|
9
|
Total
|
113
|
19
|
25
|
157
|
Match 3 : Semi Final Match MAS vs SIN Male Class H
Action
|
Outcome
|
|||
Hit
Target
|
Hit
Elsewhere
|
Miss
Target
|
Total
|
|
Block
|
||||
Block and Kick
|
||||
Block and Punch
|
2
|
2
|
||
Block and Sweep
|
||||
Kick
|
21
|
5
|
2
|
28
|
Fake Kick
|
9
|
9
|
||
Punch
|
10
|
1
|
3
|
14
|
Fake Punch
|
1
|
1
|
||
Self-Release
|
3
|
3
|
||
Topple
|
9
|
1
|
10
|
|
Sweep
|
6
|
1
|
4
|
11
|
Catch
|
10
|
10
|
||
Evade/Dodge
|
||||
Others
|
7
|
7
|
||
Total
|
78
|
7
|
10
|
95
|
Match 4 : Quarterfinal Match MAS vs THA
Male Class A
Action
|
Outcome
|
|||
Hit
Target
|
Hit
Elsewhere
|
Miss
Target
|
Total
|
|
Block
|
7
|
7
|
||
Block and Kick
|
3
|
3
|
||
Block and Punch
|
2
|
2
|
||
Block and Sweep
|
1
|
1
|
||
Kick
|
28
|
3
|
4
|
35
|
Fake Kick
|
1
|
1
|
||
Punch
|
23
|
2
|
1
|
26
|
Fake Punch
|
1
|
1
|
||
Self-Release
|
||||
Topple
|
3
|
7
|
10
|
|
Sweep
|
3
|
5
|
6
|
14
|
Catch
|
9
|
1
|
1
|
11
|
Evade/Dodge
|
4
|
4
|
||
Others
|
8
|
8
|
||
Total
|
93
|
11
|
19
|
123
|
Table 2 Frequency profile of all matches
Match
1 : Final MAS vs VIE Male Class E
Exponent
|
Block
|
Kick
|
Punch
|
Topple
|
Others
|
Total
|
Blue
|
10
|
17
|
8
|
6
|
31
|
66
|
Red
|
4
|
54
|
21
|
1
|
9
|
87
|
Total
|
14
|
71
|
32
|
7
|
40
|
153
|
Match
2 : Semi-Final MAS vs SIN Male Class E
Exponent
|
Block
|
Kick
|
Punch
|
Topple
|
Others
|
Total
|
Blue
|
2
|
37
|
10
|
4
|
15
|
68
|
Red
|
3
|
48
|
21
|
4
|
13
|
89
|
Total
|
5
|
85
|
31
|
8
|
28
|
157
|
Match
3 : Semi-Final MAS vs SIN Male Class H
Exponent
|
Block
|
Kick
|
Punch
|
Topple
|
Others
|
Total
|
Blue
|
2
|
18
|
10
|
1
|
11
|
42
|
Red
|
0
|
19
|
5
|
9
|
20
|
53
|
Total
|
2
|
37
|
15
|
10
|
31
|
95
|
Match
4 : Quarterfinal MAS vs THA Male Class A
Exponent
|
Block
|
Kick
|
Punch
|
Topple
|
Others
|
Total
|
Blue
|
8
|
15
|
11
|
8
|
25
|
67
|
Red
|
5
|
21
|
16
|
2
|
12
|
56
|
Total
|
13
|
36
|
27
|
10
|
37
|
123
|
Discussion
Based
on the result from the Table 1 and Table 2, group statistics can be found by
the SPSS software that being used to calculated all the possible data according
to the notated exponent statistics. All the 4 silat olahraga matches are being
conquered by Malaysia Team. It shows those Malaysia athletes are dominant to
control their opponent during the match’s. The data show in the Table 3 below.
Table 3 Group statistics for each match
Match
1
Group
Statistics
|
|||||
Exponent
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std.
Deviation
|
Std.
Error Mean
|
|
Score
|
MAS
|
3
|
22.00
|
30.315
|
17.502
|
VIE
|
3
|
29.00
|
24.331
|
14.048
|
|
Match
1 shows that Malaysia athlete are doing high error. It can be seen on the
Standard Error Mean (SE Mean) in the table. Possibility that Malaysia athlete
does little mistakes compared to the Vietnam athlete that makes him can win the
match because on this match Malaysia athlete are more tactical skill person. The
hit targets are 74.5% for overall matches. Kicks are used the most by both
exponents which is 46.4%. Compared to Vietnam athlete, he will keep on attacked
when there is a chance without thinking as he keeps on wanted to win the match’s.
So that, Malaysia athlete got higher score for each round. Malaysia athletes
win based on the statistics recorded along the match’s. As it was the final
round, the match’s were a bit intense for both.
Match
2
Group
Statistics
|
|||||
Exponent
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std.
Deviation
|
Std.
Error Mean
|
|
Score
|
MAS
|
3
|
22.67
|
23.671
|
13.667
|
SIN
|
3
|
29.67
|
29.023
|
16.756
| |
Based
on Table 3 for Match 2, the SE Mean for Singapore athlete are higher than
Malaysia. But still, the match’s are wins by the Malaysia team. 54.1% of kicks
actions are used in these match’s. Both exponents are more towards using kicks
actions to beat the opponent down. It can be defined that Malaysia athlete got
higher skill of knowing the opponent steps to conquer the games without doing
higher mistakes compared to the Singapore team. From Table 2 of Match 2, both
athletes are tends to used kicks action as the ways to fight with each other.
Shows that Singapore athlete kicks more than Malaysia athlete but it could be a
fake kick so that it increased the SE Mean for the athlete. During match’s,
tactical skills are really needed to ensure each athlete can win the game by
the point they could gains using the actions correctly.
Match
3
Group
Statistics
|
|||||
Exponent
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std.
Deviation
|
Std.
Error Mean
|
|
Score
|
MAS
|
3
|
16.67
|
21.962
|
12.680
|
THA
|
3
|
24.33
|
23.288
|
13.445
|
|
Group
statistics for Match 3 between Malaysia and Thailand athletes are shown above.
From the Table 3 on Match 3, higher errors are being made by the Thailand
athletes during match’s compared to the Malaysia athlete. The hit target for
both exponent are 82.1% which shows that both have tactical skills that helps
them to collect point by hit the target correctly. The kicks action used are
38.9% and punch actions used are 15.79%. Even though the results in Table 1
shows that both athletes are hitting the target correctly, there also occur
some mistakes that makes the Malaysia athlete more dominant to wins the match’s.
Thailand athlete are so eager during all the 3 rounds for the match, but
Malaysia athletes looks a little relaxing to finish all the 3 round. It could
be the possible reason Malaysia athlete wins the Match 3. It helps to makes
Malaysia athlete doing less error towards match’s and can beats the opponent
easily with skills that he has.
Match
4
Group Statistics
|
|||||
Exponent
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std.
Deviation
|
Std.
Error Mean
|
|
Score
|
MAS
|
3
|
20.67
|
29.738
|
17.169
|
SIN
|
3
|
11.00
|
10.583
|
6.110
|
|
Match
4 shows that SE Mean are dominant by Malaysia athlete. Higher error could be
seen, but still Malaysia athlete has the tactical skill that helps him win the
match's. The match’s are dominant by Malaysia athlete by 70% compared to the
Singapore athlete. Both exponent hit target about 75.6% overall the match’s. It
is positive variables that show each exponent have their own skill in getting
points by points along the matches to win the game. Kicks actions frequently
used by them which is 41.6% by the blue exponent which is Malaysia athlete and
58.4% by the red exponent which is Singapore athlete. Malaysia athlete able to
topple down the Singapore athlete by 8 times that makes him could get higher
score for the match.
Conclusion
Post-event
analysis of hand notation indicates that the prototype system developed for
this study can be used to record and evaluate a silat olahraga match. This
study complemented with those of the broad work and rest study undertaken by
Shapie et al(2013). The current study has provided a great understanding of
information for the silat olahraga by looking at the activity involved in competition.
Both of the exponents performed more high intensity actions than low intensity
actions (i.e. the frequency count).
However
it is important to understand that high intensity actions will contribute more
in the score points (i.e. outcome that count) rather than low intensity
actions. There is also a range of frequency in attacking and defensive
activities used by both of the exponents. The winner (blue exponent) used more
kicks than the loser which may reflect greater skill or fitness or both. However,
it is still doubtful that these are the only factors that influence the match.
National
silat olahraga athlete needs more tactical skills to be learned as it helps to
reduce the mistakes during match. More than that, the national athlete must
able to avoid error that might make them less capable to dominant the athlete
from other country. The tactical and technical skills must be understood by the
athlete to ensure they would have better performance in the next competitions.
Indicators listed for the silat olahraga also important as it was the score
they could collected for the match.
The
data collected would help them to realize their mistakes that they could not
know as they were focusing on the game. Coaches and athletes can sit together
to talk about the previous match and share their experience towards the game
for better improvement and preparations for the other competitions.
Recommendation
It is
recommended that future studies determine the full range of activities performed
with movement classifications and the variation of strikes that contribute to
losing and winning the match.
It is
recommended that those developing conditioning elements of training programs
for silat olahraga athletes are aware of the frequency and spread of durations
of action and rest periods within action periods. The implication from a
coaching perspective of the types and frequencies of strikes used would suggest
that in training, a large proportion of time needs to be utilized in
development of kicking and blocking as well as the conditioning of lower limbs
in order to absorbs strikes and resist fatigue during a match to being able to
defend and counter attack effectively.
There
is a limitation of this case study as the findings here only represent four
silat matches from Men class A, Men class E and Men class H, so the findings
cannot be generalized to all silat olahraga competition. However, the purpose
of this study was to develop a system for monitoring actions during a silat olahraga
match (and not establishing normative data).
Furthermore,
the system developed is useful in future study in silat olahraga. This was the
normal study to provide descriptive detailed information of a silat olahraga
match, increasing the knowledge base and providing a methodology that can be
used in future research and by coaches. Moreover, the other sports where the
frequency and duration of high intensity activity periods fail to provided
sufficient information to fully characterize the demands of the sport.
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between Leadership Coaching Style and Satisfaction among University Silat
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DOI:10.14589/ido.16.3.4
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Pencak Silat Tanding Men's Class E Final VIE vs MAS (Day 9) | 28th SEA Games
Singapore 2015 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGK1CSVk0qs
Pencak Silat Tanding Men's Class E Semi-Final SIN vs MAS (Day 8) | 28th SEA
Games Singapore 2015https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L62CI3MJ-8
Pencak Silat Tanding Men's Class H Semi-Final SIN vs MAS(Day 8) | 28th
SEA Games Singapore 2015 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuT-n5UpMjE
Pencak Silat Tanding Category Malaysia vs Thailand (Day 6) | 28th SEA Games
Singapore 2015 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6eruVei7Pdg
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Appendix
Men's Tanding 50kg Class A Quarterfinals
Men's Tanding 75kg Class H Semifinals
Men's Tanding 70kg Class E Semifinals
Men's Tanding 70kg Class E Final
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